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1. General Description1.1. LocationHungary is located between 16° and 23° longitude east, 46° and 48° latitude North, occupying 93,030 km2. It extends 268 km from east to west and 528 km from north to south, making up less than 1 percent of all Europe and ranks sixteenth in size among the European countries. Baranya is the most southern county of the country located between 45°14' and 46°25' latitude north, and 17°37' and 18°52' longitude east. Baranya occupies 4486.2 km2, 4.8 percent of the whole country. Baranya's Eastern border is the Duna river - the biggest in Middle Europe- , from the South the Croatian border and the Dráva river running further down into the Duna. The landscape of the county is varying, several different geomorphologic areas can be found. The Mecsek hill intersects Baranya from east to north occupying 500 km2. The highest peaks are Zengő (682 m a.s.l.), Tubes (612 m), Hármas-hegy (606 m), Jakab-hegy (603 m) and Misina (534 m). The Villány hill cuts the Dráva plane from north to south in a length of 30 km in southern Baranya. Its highest peak is Szársomlyó (442 m a.s.l.). Mecsek is surrounded by loess-covered range of hills connected to the Mohács plane from east and the Dráva flood area from south. No earthquake with a destructive effect has occurred in the territory of the county, the probability of such an event is very unlikely. 1.2. ClimateThe climate of the county is favourable. Rainfall is generally ample and uniform. Annual rainfall does not normally exceed 1,000 mm, however it never falls below 500 mm. The three-quarter of it is measured through the breeding season (between 1 April and 30 September) which is favourable to the agriculture. The two periods for rain culmination are April and October-November the latter of which is the result of the Mediterranean effect. The number of rainy days is high, there are more than 100 days per annum when rainfall exceeds 1 mm. Due to the southern location and varying landscape the air is prone to ice generation. Baranya is the thunderstorm centre of Hungary having and average of 25 days per annum. Six to eight hails can be expected during summertime. This is the first area within Hungary where hail prevention units were erected. The average of snow-covered days is 25 in the Mecsek. The temperature change is relatively low, winters are mild. The area south to the Mecsek is the warmest part of the country, annual average is above 10.5 C° everywhere. The warmest month is July with an average above 21.5 C°. The hottest day ever measured here in Hungary was the 5th of July, 1950: 41.3 C°. This area is less prone to early spring and late autumn frosts which means breeding time is the longest in the country for plants. The number of sunny hours is high. The average is 2,025 hours per annum providing 109.3 kcal/m2 radiation energy for Pécs. The dominant wind direction is north and north-west. 1.3. Water and Soil TypesThe ridge of hill area is rich in water currents, Duna and Dráva have got significant water course. The regime of Duna is uniform, average water output at Mohács is 2,180 m3/sec. The fall of Dráva river is high, it transports plenty of coarse particle debris (average water output is 595 m3/sec). Household water supply is provided from the Duna the majority of which (for Pécs and surrounding) is provided through the pipeline starting from Mohács. There are no natural dead-waters in Baranya however several artificial lakes can be found in the region of Orfű and Abaliget. This is a recreational area for people living in Pécs and Komló. There are several other lakes in the county which are used as water farms. It should also be noted that Baranya is rich in thermal and mineral water resources hitting the surface along bedrock structures. The most significant spa at present can be found in Harkány: its water is sulphuric and radioactive, water temperature is 62 ° C, daily output is 2,000 m3. Another spa is located in Szigetvár (salty and iodic water) and in Sikonda (rich in carbon dioxide), while further thermal springs can be found in Magyarhertelend, Hidas, Beremend, Siklós, Sellye, Szentlőrinc, Kistapolca, Vókány, Újpetre and Ellend. There are probably further springs on the basis of geological prospecting. Several types of soil can be found within the territory of Baranya according to relief and climatic conditions. Along rivers and bottom of valleys spilling soil and raw soil are dominant. For the hillcountry, the wood soil is characteristic. If the surface is covered by loess, brown soil can be found. The value of the cultivation area is lower than the national average. The best soil can be found around Mohács and Siklós. 1.4. Flora and FaunaThe original, natural flora and fauna of this area have disappeared or changed due to human activity. A part of the original flora can be found only in the Mecsek and Zselic hills, in the Dráva Champaign an on the Szársomlyó hill, modified by sylviculture. The area for sylviculture in Baranya exceeds 97,000 ha. The degree of afforestation is 22 percent which is a bit higher than the national average. The estimated volume of live wood is 13.7 billion gross m3. Beside clearance woods play an important role in environment protection and recreation. Institutional protection is available, certain areas belong to nature protected zones. The fauna of woods are similar to that of central chain of mountains. However for some rare species this is the only occurrence even in Hungary. The Abaliget and Mánfa caves are well known in the Mecsek hill. There are 286 species living in the former, 144 species in the latter one some of which are curiosities. 1.5. Mineral ResourcesBaranya is rich in mineral resources. Geologists found more than 50 types of utilizable minerals however the majority cannot be extracted efficiently. For more than a century coal used to be the most significant mineral resource in the county. Large scale extraction was started in the middle of the 19th century. After the establishment of DDG (Donau Dampfschiff Gesellschaft) in 1850 the production was increased. DDG was not only the buyer but mined the coal itself, owning all the mines until 1945 (time of nationalisation). The development of coal mining in the Mecsek area became rapid after 1950 since the Duna Steel Works required cokable coal with a 6,500-7,000 CV. Black coal can be found in the sedimentary parts of the Lower Liassic (Jurassic) period. Seams can be found from Pécs via Vasas and Komló to Nagymányok, in a length of ca. 35 km. Harsh geological conditions require miners to work very hard, steep seams (up to 70 degrees), large scale methane generation and risk of coal dust explosions hinder efficiency. The youngest branch in the Mecsek is uranium mining. Its country rock is Permian red sandstone where ore can be found in lens-type inclusions. The uranium mined here is utilised in the first Hungarian nuclear power station -at Paks. The extraction was started here in 1954 in the neighbourhood of Kővágószőlős. This also resulted in a rapid development of Pécs. The rock of Mecsek was first utilised during Roman times for road and house construction. The "marble" of Siklós was also known (coloured sedimented limestone) and used for inner decoration. Other raw materials used by the construction industry can be found at several locations. Granite can be found on the south east slope of Mecsek in an area of 32 km2 . The only outcrop occurrence of andesite can be found in Komló, the quality is excellent, it is utilised as road-metal. Only Triassic limestone is used by the construction industry which can be mined easily, it is grey-coloured and dense. Limestone is mined in the Villány hill (Nagyharsány) both for refining purposes (sugar works) and slag-forming (steel works). Lower Cretaceous limestone is used for cement works (Beremend), resources are enough for further decades. Sand quarries can be found at various locations. The most significant quarry is near Pécsvarad where sand consists of valuable feldspars, i.e. capable for porcelain production. The raw material for brickworks is loess, clayey loess, loess clay. Building brick is the product made of this material. Clingstone (phonolite) is a rock which can be found only in the Mecsek within Hungary, forming 1.7 km long and 0.7 km wide Northwest¾ Southeast directed seams. 1.6. Historic - Social ConditionsRoman and Middle Age wall relics, graves, road and aqueduct leavings call for a 2,000-year-old history. On the ruins of the Roman settlement King Stephen I established an episcopate in the first years of the 11th century. 1.6.1. County Capital: PécsThe development, historical past and the present of county Baranya is closely related to the development of the county capital, Pécs. Pécs is known a "2,000-year-old" town, however findings from the Deep Valley cave prove that people used to live here 60,000-80,000 years ago. Nomads living here in tents and cottages changed their accommodation to houses made of stone due to the Roman's influence. The Roman settlement was called Sopianae, it became a real city and was located near to a very important road which started from Mitrovica (Sirmium) via Osijek (Mursa) and Sopianae and leaded via Szombathely (Savaria) to Vienna). The construction of the city wall was started in the 13th century encircling an area of 700,000 m2 . The Pécs university was opened on the 1st September, 1367. It was similar to the one in Bologna (Italy), and except theology all sciences were taught. In the 15th century Pécs became a national centre of humanism. The development of the town was significantly set back by the Turkish mastership. They were ruling for 143 years and they converted the town into a rich Turkish business town and bazaar. In 1780 Pécs became a free royal town resulting in further economic development however the church influence was still significant. In 1787 the first coal mine was opened near Pécs at Vasas which was followed by others. The end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th century was the period of enrichment of the citizenry. The second half of the past century was the time to start capitalist development. The number of citizens rapidly grew due to the economic development. In 1900 more than 43,000 people lived in Pécs. The industry of the city was modernised between the two world wars, the Pécs power station was built in 1912. No wartime damage occurred during World War II, the economy of the county remained operable. The number of citizens was doubled to 90,000 then redoubled again during the 40 years of the Socialist regime. 1.6.2. Major Cities in BaranyaKomló is one of the oldest settlements in the county. A century ago it was a little hillside village where people used to deal with clearance. Black coal mining was started in 1892. The big change came after 1950 when the cokeable black coal resource became important for the Duna Steel Plant. Mohács became a town in the 15th century. After the battle with the Turks in 1526 the town was burned down but soon rebuilt and embattled. Due to its favourable location it soon became the centre of the microregion. Beside Hungarians Slovenians and Germans were settled down here. By the penetration of steam navigation a rapid commercial development was started. The territory of the town extends to the left side of the Duna. Mohács is also known about the well known black pottery as well. Siklós castle (built in the Middle Age) was captured by the Turks in 1543 and hold for 143 years. In the adjacent settlement, Harkány people ditching trenches found the healing mineral spring by chance at the turn of the century. The development of the well known spa was started that time and nowadays it is one of the most popular rehabilitation centres in Middle Europe. Szigetvár is located along the Almás brooks, west to Pécs The castle used to stand on the island of the Almás brook. Turks started a siege against it in 1556 which was successfully bent back by the defenders headed by captain Mark Horvath. Szigetvár dynamically developed into an industrial town however the total population is less than 12,000. 1.6.3. Ethnic MinoritiesA large number of ethnic minorities can be found in Baranya county living mixed with Hungarians. The German population is significant: more than 230 settlements have inhabitants of German origin, they are in absolute majority in 32 settlements. Major villages are Bóly (2,068), Mecseknádasd (1,795) and Villány (1,293). Slavic minorities -Croatians, Bosnians, Serbians- live everywhere in the county mainly around Siklós and Mohács. Major settlements are Felsőszentmárton (1,707), Drávasztára (860) and Kátoly (363). The language and education of ethnic minorities is integral part of the national educational system. Ethnic minorities are entitled to elect their own municipality in every settlement. 1.7. Settlement StructurePeople had to gain land to live on and for farming from the woodlands. Since they used to prefer to live along brooks and water the first type was the one or two-rowed village. After a while another type was created, the so-called straight village. This formation seems to be designed which can be characterised by straight streets, alike lots, houses along the street facing each other. The number of villages in Baranya has been growing as time goes by. 7.1 villages can be found on 100 km2 which is double of the national average (3.4). Average population of villages is 687 against the national average of 1,800. A larger proportion of the Baranya population live in towns than in other parts of the country. There are more than 100 settlements where the number of active workers is below 100. The age structure of the population is also unfavourable since the proportion of young and active local workers are very low. The number of workplaces is rather distinct for settlements, several villages do not have any at all. The infrastructure is not developing, the available one partly becomes redundant. The number of flats constructed between 1960 and 1978 in Baranya villages (291) is over 15,000. No flat was constructed in 16 villages, but more than 101 were constructed in 29 villages. 1.8. Baranya and the National Economy1.8.1. The Economic Role of the Region Within the CountryBaranya is part of the South West Hungaryn macroregion, its economic situation can be well characterised by the regional average. It is far beyond of well-located central Hungarian regions - including Budapest. It is in a better position than the regions in the Eastern countryside - where the Southern Plane region is just below the domestic average, the Northern Plane and North Hungarian regions are far below the average, i.e. being fourth among seven Hungarian regions. Table 1: GDP regional distribution, 1996.
Source: Baranya County Statistical Yearbook, 2001 1.8.2. The Present State of the Counties of the RegionAs Southern Transdanubia represents the average among six regions beside Central Hungary, the same is valid for Baranya among three counties included in the region. Table 2: Main economic indicators, 2001.
Source: Baranya County Statistical Yearbook, 2001. 1.8.3. The Evaluation of Social State of SettlementsThe decree of the Minister of social welfare (31 of 1995) determined the way of distributing contributions (between settlement municipalities) with social aims related to measures of economic stabilisation. The contribution is differentially distributed according to the complex effect of the following three factors:
The database published in Vol. 75 of 1995 of the Hungarian Gazette (including all settlement data arranged by counties) gives the opportunity to rank the so-called m-factor and to overview the economic vitality/prosperity. The county m-factor can be calculated from the central contribution cumulated by county and the number of population resulting in the following order:
1.9. South West Hungary and Baranya within HungaryIt is a historical characteristic feature of Hungary that Budapest has got a predomination in all aspects. Almost all structural lines with national importance are directed towards or via the capital. Main spatial lines of South West Hungary are also directed towards the capital. The dominant directions can be explained through the Nagykanizsa- Balaton- Budapest and the Barcs- Pécs- Szekszárd- Budapest lines. Beside this national and regional importance have been provided to the structural line of Nagykanizsa- Kaposvár- Dombóvár- Pécs. Regarding the intensity of the spatial structure South West Hungary is far beyond Northern Transdanubia but much ahead of the Hungarian Plane. It should be noted that main lines of the spatial structure coincide with the transportation channels. From the viewpoint of spatial arrangement it is important that lines with national and international importance cross the South West Hungarian territory. Due to the Slavic crisis neither the Duna-line nor the Southeast international lines cannot accomplish their real task. Subsequent to peaceful arrangement of the Slavic problem The territory of Southern Transdanubia (in a macroregional view) can be a link toward Northern Italy and the Balkan. The density of population of Transdanubia is the lowest in the country (with a macroregional view) within which Southern Transdanubia is at the bottom. Nodes of the settlement network having regional importance -described earlier as "reciprocals" to Budapest - i.e. Debrecen, Győr, Miskolc, Pécs and Szeged are far beyond the population of Budapest (having a population between 124 000-210 000). There are significant differences between these towns as well. Different settlement aggregates were generated within the country having their own inner structure as well. Among the country's
are located within the South West Hungarian territory. There is a significant difference concerning the role of county capitals within the county. 39.3 percent of total population of Baranya (406 330) lived in Pécs (159 794) in 2001. This rate was 20.3 percent for Somogy (336 799/68 202), and 14.3 percent in Tolna (250 337/35 869), respectively. The dominance of Pécs is two times higher in Baranya than Budapest and the whole country. There is no real "counterpole" of Pécs within Baranya. Latest population data show that total population for the remaining 11 towns in Baranya is 96 637, much less than Pécs itself. 1.10. Spatial Macro-RelationshipBased on its geographical location Southern Transdanubia would be predetermined mainly for Western and Southeast-oriented relationships due to relative closeness. This relatively advantageous geographical layout provides only a limited success since international transport links are not favourable at all. The main reason is that traffic network of the country is Budapest-centrally radial, high capacity crosswise (transversal) roads are missing. After all the region is suffering from disadvantages of edge-location, being far from international axles and transcontinental traffic routes. South West Hungary is closer to the Mediterranean and Balkan international ports and economic centres than to western European, Northern and Baltic Sea ports. The following effects should also be taken into account:
Figure 1: Location of South West Hungary, Its Transport-Geographical Situation In Comparison With the Most Important Transport-Corridors of the Body of Europe Indicating the Air-Distances Measured from Kaposvár 1.10.1. International Railway LinksThe vector of South West Hungarian international routes is directed to Southwest and aims basically the Istria peninsula (Figure 2). The constituents are the following: in the 1860's, according to Austrian imperial interest from Buda (via Nagykanizsa- Murakeresztúr) to Triest, in the 1880's, according to Hungarian national interest from Budapest (via Dombóvár - Gyékényes) to Fiume. (The Southern Railway was directed to west from Murakeresztúr and was linked to the Vienna- Semmering- Triest main line at Pragershof (later called Pragersko). These two main routes provide direct access to
Southwest international main routes have got three transport functions (Figure 3):
Figure 3: Railway Map of Hungary
There is a third crossborder track between Pécs- Osijek which used to have an annual freight traffic of 40 000 tons. During the war it was damaged in 1991 around Beli Monastir, then it was re-opened in the mid 1990's. 40 percent of total South West Hungarian freight traffic was going through Murakeresztúr in 1992. 1.10.2. International Highway LinksE-marked "European highways" through Hungary can be seen on Figure 4. It should be noted that in the region four E-marked roads can be found three of which are two-digit, one is a three-digit route. The latter one is an intra-regional initiated, bisecting from E 77 at Balatonkeresztúr, intersecting north-south Somogy county leading through Barcs to Croatia and Bosnia (via Banja Luka, Jajce and Zenica) to the E 73. The E 71 (Northeast-Southwest direction) is the most important international route across the region leading to Zagreb (from Nagykanizsa jointly with E 65) then bisecting there again. The E 65 takes to Rijeka, the E 70 to Triest port. Both of them are of primary importance in Hungary's overseas foreign trade. The E 70 is continued through the most developed Northern Italian industrial regions and towards France (Brest, port of the Atlantic). The E 65 takes (via Nagykanizsa- Szombathely) to Brno- Prague- Berlin, then bisecting and marked as E 26 up to Hamburg, marked as E 28 to Szczecin port (Poland). The E 73 links Budapest through Croatia (Osijek) and Bosnia (Sarajevo, Mostar) to the Adriatic where it reaches the E 80. As a summary the western part of the Balkan and Italy-oriented European routes can be directly accessed from South West Hungary. It is an advantage to have such an E-marked route which has got a transversal direction and not towards Budapest. It would be vital from the viewpoint of international passenger and freight traffic in South West Hungary to construct a "Southern motorway" along the Southern and Eastern border which is planned however not included in the long-term national highway development plan. This transversal magisterial route ( Another private company is planning to construct the so-called "South West Hungary" highway linking the Vojvodina region (Serbia) via Baranya and Somogy to the M7 motorway. With another extension of this route to Northwest via Vienna the eastern Balkan and western Europe could be more easily linked then the Budapest-oriented motorways under construction (M1 and M5). Figure 4: Europe-Roads (E) Touching Hungary or Starting form Hungary and the Motorway-Network of Adjacent Countries 1.10.3. Duna - International Water CourseThe Eastern boundary of the region is formed by the river Danube, one of the most significant water course of Europe which has become a transcontinental "magisterial" watercourse intersecting the continent in a Northwest-Southeast direction (from Rotterdam to Usty Dunajsk) by the opening of the Danube¾ Main¾ Rhine course (Figure 6). However this course is rather under-utilised. There are several objective reasons for this namely
Figure 6: The Connection of South West Hungary to the Inland Water-Ways of Europe For the time being the expected traffic increase is not tangible on the Hungarian Duna section (after opening the Duna-Main-Rhine course) which is probably the result of the Slavic war. The transcontinental water course would be very capable for international Ro-Ro transportation, (i.e. forwarding lorries by ship). Due to the presence of dozens of flood-gates a run of ship takes about three weeks from the North Sea down to the Black Sea. Should the port of Mohács be developed including the completion of the related infrastructural development s (transfer equipment, stores, fuel tanks, sorting goods, repair shop etc.) goods can be transported to and from Pécs by the related wing railway. Water carriage can be used to Austria, Germany, Slovakia, the Benelux countries, France and Switzerland (using the Rhine and other related water courses). By the company operating sea ships carrying Interlighter barges between the Duna delta and India furthermore to Southeast Asia, direct freight traffic (with no transfer) is possible between Duna ports and South and Southeast Asia. This is only a question of arrangements. 1.10.4. International Air Transport OpportunitiesThe main international airport for whole Hungary is located near Budapest.Regional airport is operated near Debrecen, Hungary's second largest town. As for the South-West of Hungary, there was an idea before the Slavic war of joint utilisation of the adjacent Croatian airports. For example, travellers (for business or recreational purposes) from Western Europe could arrive at Osijek from where regular coach or crossborder rent-a-car services , priority passport control and room booking will be available. This idea has lost edge at present however from Southern parts of Zala county the Zagreb airport can be accessed earlier than Budapest (Figure 7: International Surroundings of Public Air-Transport). The Taszár airfield near Kaposvár, also capable of civilian use, has become a major NATO-operated military airbase in the region during the Bosnian war. Nevertheless, after several plans, feasibility studies and some local civilian resistance, it seems that the Aerodrome of Pécs-Pogány will be developed into a modern commercial airport in the near future. 1.11. The Organisation, Tasks and Direction of Environment ProtectionThe Ministry of Environment and Regional Development (MERD) is to develop and administer the government's environmental policy through the Chief Inspectorate for Environmental Protection having authority rights in all environment-related tasks. It has got twelve regional authorities which are the executive bodies for a certain area. The task of the regional inspectorates is the following:
The local inspectorates are responsible for assessments of current environmental conditions, forecast and planning of environmental changes and for assuring the public access to environmental data. Environmental Features of the CountySurface watersThe quality of surface water is highly impacted, beside direct introduction of waste water and effluents -which are inefficiently purified-, by the pollution of the catchment areas (both agricultural and communal) washed in by rain water. The water quality is categorised according to the following classification in force:
Duna, in the Mohács area, falls into Class II. According to recent investigations the ammonia and phosphor concentration has been decreasing. Dráva falls into Class I, its whole Hungarian section is continuously improving due to its self-purifying capacity. Fekete víz (Black Water) is categorised as Class II, further down Class III due to the effect of Pécsi víz (Pécs water) which is the most contaminated water of the whole area. Natural water capacity of the latter is low, water quality is further degraded by mine waters, industrial and sewage work waters. Karasica patak (Karasica brook) has got an "acceptable" water quality however trends show degradation. The water quality of Baranya csatorna (Baranya canal) is improving since the Komló new sewage works has been operating. Subsurface watersGround waters, both due to agriculture and unresolved waste water deposition, are generally contaminated with nitrite. The quality of potable water from lower layers is not favourable. Beside from a few exception water management is required, due to high level of iron, manganese, ammonia ion and methane content, before feeding into the communal pipeline of the settlements. Due to the generally unfavourable water quality the protection of wells with potable water quality is very important. The majority of the hot springs developed so far meet the criteria of "mineral water" or "natural water with healing effect" classification. AirSevere air pollution can be experimented both at large settlements and near industrial plants. In Pécs, especially during wintertime, the sulphur dioxide (SO2) content of the air is several times higher than the accepted limit value, concerning nitrogen dioxide pollution(NO2) Pécs is No. 1 in the whole country. Airborne dust is a major problem in Komló, however the location of the town is also unfavourable. Similar problems occur in the area around Nagyharsány and Beremend due to the quarry and cement works operation. Water supply and sewage worksUnlikely to the dynamic development of water supply the number of settlements with even a partially appropriate sewage has not been increasing. 30 percent of the total Somogy population, while less than 50 percent of the Baranya population live in areas supplied with a communal sewage system. The unbalanced situation of water supply and public sewage causes serious environmental damages. Communal wasteApproximately 0.6 million ton of solid communal waste is generated within the area per annum 95 percent of which is deposited jointly with industrial waste both at legal and illegal landfill sites. However the number of operating landfill sites is about 400, they are often inadequate both in their proximity to settlements and their low technical level. The utilisation of industrial waste is not appropriate. Waste resulting from mining activity exceeds 180 million m3 stored in slurry ponds and stockpiles. Hazardous waste generated per annum exceeds 66 thousand tons. The majority comes from slaughter houses and leather factories or it is contaminated with oil. The most severe environmental hazard of the area is the temporary landfill site for hazardous waste at Garé. NoiseUrban areas of Baranya and Somogy are exposed to noise generated by heavy traffic. Beside traffic noise, the concentrated effect of outdoor technological equipment of industrial plants, compressors and suction systems can also be significant. 1.12. Area Utilisation, Land Use85 percent of total area of Baranya is arable land of which 61 percent is for agricultural purposes as follows: Land according to type of use:
The 15 percent of land withdrawn from cultivation includes settlements and areas provided with infrastructure. Free land for industrial and servicing purposes (which can be easily connected to the communal infrastructure) is available in Baranya towns and major villages in order to attract new ventures.
To establish an industrial premise, the foreign party is entitled to ownership rights to real estate with the exception of arable land. The price of land for industrial purposes is within the range of HUF 3 500 - 4 500 per square metre, depending on the location within the settlement and the level of infrastructure as well. Taking an average price of HUF 4 000 per square meter one hectare would cost about 170 000 USD based on present exchange rates. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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